New York: Carrots are a good source of beta-carotene, which is a precursor of vitamin A. They can also help reduce the bad cholesterol in our body. But these benefits are not for all. Only 50 per cent of us can derive these benefits from carrots. Why?
Actually, to get the full health benefits of this superfood, you need an active enzyme that processes beta-carotene and convert it to Vitamin A, new research reveals. But not all humans have equal levels of this enzyme called beta-carotene oxygenase 1 (BCO1).
Beta-carotene is the bioactive compound that gives carrots their orange colour. Studies with humans and mice show the conversion of beta-carotene to vitamin A reduces bad cholesterol in the blood. Thus, beta-carotene can help protect against atherosclerosis development, which leads to the accumulation of fats and cholesterol in our arteries.
Atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of death worldwide.
Jaume Amengual, assistant professor of personalized nutrition in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at University of Illinois, and his colleagues conducted two studies to further understand the effects of beta-carotene on cardiovascular health.
They confirmed its importance, but identified a critical step in the process.
Beta-carotene converts to vitamin A with the help of an enzyme called beta-carotene oxygenase 1 (BCO1). A genetic variation determines if you have a more or less active version of BCO1. People with a less active enzyme could need other sources for vitamin A in their diet, Amengual said.
The first study analyzed blood and DNA samples from 767 healthy young adults aged 18 to 25. The researchers found a correlation between BCO1 activity and bad cholesterol level.
“People who had a genetic variant associated with making the enzyme BCO1 more active had lower cholesterol in their blood. That was our first observation,” Amengual pointe out.
To follow up on these findings, Amengual and his colleagues conducted a second study using mice.
“The main findings of the mice study reproduced what we found in humans. We saw that when we give beta-carotene to mice, they have lower cholesterol levels. These mice develop smaller atherosclerosis lesions, or plaques, in their arteries. This means that mice fed beta-carotene are more protected against atherosclerosis than those fed a diet without this bioactive compound,” Amengual noted.
In the second study, the researchers also investigated the biochemical pathways of these processes, determining where in the body the effect occurs.
“We narrow it down to the liver as the organ in charge of producing and secreting lipoproteins to the bloodstream, including those lipoproteins known as bad cholesterol. We observed that in mice with high levels of vitamin A, the secretion of lipids into the bloodstream slows down,” the lead researcher said.
Understanding how the BCO1 enzyme relates to cholesterol has important implications. Typically, high beta-carotene levels in the blood are associated with health benefits. But it could also be a sign of a less active BCO1 enzyme that is not converting the beta-carotene we eat into vitamin A.
Up to 50% of the population have the less-active variant of the enzyme, Amengual said. That means their body is slower at producing vitamin A from a plant source, and they could need to get this nutrient directly from an animal source such as milk, or cheese.
